For us, it took decades of experiments and a great deal of equipment to harness the power of magnetic fields. First, we invented an artificial “magnetic receptor,” aka compass, to help us navigate the world. Later, William Hoke invented a new asset inspection method to locate the tiniest defects.
In the 1920s, Hoke noticed how metal shavings accumulated around vehicle cracks. Such keen observation spurred Hoke’s research and eventually led to the patenting of magnetic particle testing, a method of locating defects in materials almost at the microscopic level.
Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method that uses magnetizing force to locate on-surface and sub-surface defects.
Because MPT relies on magnetic fields, it only works for assets made of ferromagnetic metals like iron, cobalt, and nickel. Such materials are highly susceptible to magnetic fields and can retain magnetic properties even when removed from the external force.
Magnetic particle testing is a visual NDT method. But unlike unaided inspections, MPT can reveal tiny, even microscopic cracks, pores, voids, and discontinuities an inspector may otherwise miss. Also, MPT delivers quick results, letting you see the defect’s location, size, form, and severity in real-time.
The surface defects are highly visible when exposed to magnetic fields and UV light. Source: MDPI
Magnetic particle test requires two essential components: a testing tool with magnetic poles on both ends and a colored substance with magnetic particles. The device generates a magnetic field and sends magnetic flux through the test material, with two possible outcomes:
The flaw will not be visible, though, without the application of colored magnetic particles across the test area. These particles accumulate on the flux leak, allowing us to see the crack, delamination, or another irregularity.
The figure illustrates how the magnetic flux spreads across the tested areas without and with defects. Source: The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors
Magnetic particle testing is the primary inspection method for assets made of iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys (especially steel). It’s a common NDT method for weld, pipe, tube, rails, and boiler inspections.
Because magnetic particle testing requires direct visual observation and surface contact for particle application, it’s most suitable for easily accessible assets.
| Industries | Defect types | Assets |
| 1. Aerospace 2. Automotive 3. Oil and gas 4. Petrochemical 5. Manufacturing 6. Power generation 7. Railroad | 1. Surface cracks 2. Subsurface cracks 3. Lack of fusion 4. Inclusions 5. Pores 6. Holes 7. Discontinuities 8. Laps | 1. Welds 2. Pipelines 3. Boilers 4. Heat exchangers 5. Turbine blades 6. Gears and shafts 7. Automotive components |
MPT is often used post-production to determine if the manufactured objects meet quality and safety requirements. Additionally, it’s used for industrial asset inspection as part of condition monitoring programs.
For planned routine checks, the National Board Inspection Code (NBIC) describes the following use cases of magnetic particle testing:
As per ISO standards, magnetic particle tests are also used to detect:
Magnetic particle inspection is a seemingly straightforward process, but it requires thorough preparation. Namely, asset owners must hire a certified inspector (in line with ISO 9712 standards).
The inspector will select a fit-for-purpose test device (e.g., a portable yoke, stationary desk) and the type of magnetic particle inspection (wet or dry). They will also choose a magnetic substance with the right properties (color, particle size, temperature use).
To get accurate results, you must ensure parallel mounting between the test object and the magnetic field (at least 45-90 degrees) and illuminate the test area properly (lamp or UV light). Also, remove all other items with ferromagnetic properties from the test area to prevent interferences.
Clean the surface area of grease, oil, and rust. Ensure the thickness of the paint coating does not exceed 0.05 millimeters. The thicker coating will reduce test sensitivity.
The inspector will then select the right magnetic flux density (minimum 1T) and strength (between 30 and 60 gauss) and perform the inspection. The next steps will vary based on the type of magnetic particle inspection.
Wet suspension inspection assumes dispersing water-based magnetic particles over the test area. Wet inspections are perfect for finding even very small imperfections for two reasons. First, magnetic particles in a wet state are extremely small (0.00001 mm). Second, in a flowing agent, they are easily dispersed and evenly distributed.
Wet suspension testing steps:
Dry magnetic particle testing involves sprinkling magnetic powder on the test surface. Most often, portable probes generate pulsating magnetic fields. By moving the dry powder around, these pulses make it easier for particles to stick to defects. Therefore, this method can be used to inspect irregular surfaces, inclusions, weld discontinuities, and even subsurface defects.
Dry particle testing steps:
The MPT inspector provides a cartography of defects, their descriptions, and severity rankings. For external certifications, the technician must also outline the entire procedure (surface tested, magnetization method, equipment used, testing materials, results, and decisions made post-testing).
A variety of magnetic particle testing devices make lab assessments, factory inspections, and field tests possible. The test provides immediate results and a detailed representation of all defects.
However, MPT is not a universal form of NDT since it’s limited to ferromagnetic materials. Also, if nonferrous metal or thick paint covers the test asset, the measurement will likely be inaccurate.
Advantages of magnetic particle testing:
Disadvantages of magnetic particle testing:
Magnetic particle testing equipment falls into two categories: stationary and portable.
Stationary equipment (like a magnetic wet bench) is used for lab tests that require a certain amount of space, artificial light, and a mounting surface. Tests on stationary equipment are most often conducted using wet fluorescent particles for more reliable flaw detection.
On the downside, stationary MPT equipment is immobile, making it impractical for in-service assets. So, let’s examine the portable options.
Contour probes (also called yokes) are portable, handheld devices that produce a magnetic field between their two magnetic poles. Since they have two operating modes—AC with alternating currents and DC with direct currents—they can be used for both surface-level and near-surface defect detection.
Contour magnetic probes are available in other configurations, including:
Magnetic particles are nanosized parts of ferromagnetic material that attract flux leaks and thus visualize defects. There are two types of magnetic particles: dry and wet.
Dry particles are a mixture of milled magnetic powders and a color pigment. Depending on the manufacturer, a dry magnetic powder can have a variety of properties:
Dry particles are best for testing irregularly shaped rough surfaces.
Wet particles are suspended in a water-based material and mixed with color pigment. On the market, particle suspensions are available in the form of liquid, gels, sprays, and inks.
Depending on the manufacturer, they have the following characteristics:
Wet particles are best for finding small, almost microscopic cracks.
Good lighting is essential for magnetic particle testing. The setup will depend on the inspection type.
For traditional wet and dry inspection, use a lamp at a color temperature between 2500 and 3300K (as per ISO 3059). For fluorescent inspecting, you will need mercury discharge lamps, halogen lamps, xenon lamps, or LED arrays to generate UV light, also called blacklight. For your safety, check that the UV light is no greater than 365nm in intensity (as per ISO 3059).
For efficient and quick inspection, you might need additional tools:
The simplicity and affordability of MPT make it an attractive choice for testing ferromagnetic materials, but it falls short for other types of assets. Moreover, MPT can’t detect defects deeper than 2 mm.
Other non-destructive inspection methods, like ultrasonic or eddy current testing, can provide better accuracy, flexibility, sensitivity, and depth of detection.
Ultrasonic testing (UT) has great penetration power, detecting flaws deep inside large assets like storage tanks and wind turbines. It works for almost all materials, including metals, polymers, plastics, ceramics, fiberglass, and glass. Plus, UT discloses the defect’s orientation aside from its size, shape, and location. To accomplish this, the MPT technician must reapply the magnetic field from a different angle (and perhaps change the mounting system).
EMAT testing – a UT method combined with the force of a magnetic field. Contrary to magnetic particle testing, EMAT provides high-precision detection deep within assets without the need to touch the surface. EMAT is an excellent tool for testing in confined spaces, hot areas, and potentially hazardous locations.
Eddy current testing (ECT) is a better solution for testing large structures in one go. It doesn’t require direct contact with the test specimen and can still penetrate deeper into the material (up to 40mm). Unlike MPT, ECT doesn’t need chemical liquids with particles, some of which are harmful to workers. Furthermore, ECT is capable of testing both ferromagnetic and nonferrous metals.
To achieve even greater speed and flexibility for all these methods, you can use drone-mounted UT, ECT, and EMAT probes.
Purpose-built for inspections, Voliro’s omnidirectional drone helps test assets of any shape, height, and dimension at faster speeds. No scaffolding or cherry-picker required — inspectors stay firm on the ground, while collecting high-fidelity data for analysis. By changing probes, you can customize Voliro T for multiple, making it an all-in-one solution for most non-destructive testing tasks.
